An international survey of perceptions of the 2014 FIFA World Cup: National levels of corruption as a context for perceptions of institutional corruption.

We conducted a survey about the 2014 FIFA World Cup that measured attitudes about FIFA, players, and officials in 18 languages with 4600 respondents from 29 countries. Sixty percent of respondents perceived FIFA officials as being dishonest, and people from countries with less institutional corruption and stronger rule of law perceived FIFA officials as being more corrupt and less competent running the tournament than people from countries with more corruption and weaker rule of law. In contrast, respondents evaluated players as skilled and honest and match officials as competent and honest. We discuss the implications of our findings for perceptions of corruption in general.

Efectos de un programa de formulación de objetivos y moldeamiento del pase en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol / Effects of a program formulating objectives and shaping the pass in young soccer players / Efeitos de um programa de formulação de objectivos e modelagem do passe em jovens jogadores de futebol

Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental con el propósito de analizar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de 4 semanas de duración para la mejora del pase en el fútbol a partir de la formulación progresiva de objetivos basados en la creación de esquemas mentales, y la aplicación de la técnica de moldeamiento mediante el feedback aportado a los jugadores. En el estudio participaron un total de 13 jugadores juveniles de fútbol pertenecientes a un equipos de categoría de formación del Club Real Murcia SAD, con una media de edad 15.67 (DE = 0.35). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables psicológicas: ansiedad cognitiva, autoconfianza y percepción de competencia en el pase. Se midieron asimismo variables de rendimiento en el pase (pases cortos, pases medios, pases largos, pases hacia delante, pases laterales, pases hacia atrás, pases a desmarque de apoyo, y pases a desmarque de ruptura). Los jugadores mostraron mejoras en la percepción de competencia en el pase, así como en el número de pases de distancia media utilizados y el número de pases realizados a desmarques de apoyo

A quasi-experimental study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of a goal setting program using the zapping technique aimed at passing in football from the progressive formulation of aims based on mental programs, which consisted of four weeks of training. The sample was made up of 13 players, with an average age of 15.67 years (SD = 0.35). Several psychological variables were measured: cognitive anxiety, self-confidence in soccer, and pass-related perceived competence. Moreover, performance variables related to passing were measured: (short distance passes, medium distance passes, long distance passes, forward passes, lateral passes, backward passes, come-to-feet passes, and running passes). The results show that players improved their pass-related perceived competence, as well as the number of medium distance passes, and come-to-feet passes

Realizou-se um estudo quase-experimental com o propósito de analisar os efeitos de um programa de treino com 4 semanas de duração para amelhoria do passe no futebol a partir da formulação progressiva de objectivos baseados na criação de esquemas mentais, e a aplicação da técnica de mo-delagem mediante feeedback fornecido aos jogadores. Participaram no estudo um total de 13 jogadores juvenis pertencentes a uma equipa dos escalõesde formação do Club Real Murcia SAD, com uma média de idades de 15.67 (DP= 0.35). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis psicológicas: ansiedadecognitiva, auto-confiança e percepção de competência no passe. De igual modo foram medidas variáveis de rendimento no passe (passes curtos, médios,longos, para a frente, laterais, para trás, passes a desmarcar apoio e passes de ruptura). Os jogadores revelaram melhorias na percepção de competênciano passe, assim como no número de passes de distância média utilizados e o número de passses realizados a desmarcar apoio)

Formación de Entrenadores de Fútbol Base en el Proyecto PAPA / Grassroots coaches training in the papa project / Formação de treinadores de futebol de formação no projecto papa

The aim of the present work was twofold: (1) To describe the features of the motivational education program for coaches Empowering CoachingTM, implemented in the European Project PAPA (Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity) and (2) To assess Spanish grassroots coaches’ perception on the education workshops of the program as well as its implications at two different times, once the workshop had finished and after one year. 521 grassroots coaches from five participant countries (Spain, France, Greece, England and Norway) attended the Empowering CoachingTM workshops. Among them, 105 were from Spain (77 from the Valencian Community and 28 from Catalonia). In the follow-up data collection, 52 grassroots coaches from the Valencian Community participated. Questionnaires assessing satisfaction with the workshop, implementation, and barriers revealed that coaches were able to apply the workshop contents in their daily practice. Moreover, what was learned at the Empowering CoachingTM workshops was perceived to be innovative and made the coaches rethink their ideas about training. All of the grassroots coaches attending the workshops reported understanding and feeling able to integrate the Empowering CoachingTM principles in their practices and games, thus feeling able to become empowering coaches. Almost all coaches also reported not having difficulties to create empowering climates in their teams, finding the main difficulties with parents

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido doble: (1) Describir las características del programa de formación motivacional para entrenadores Empowering CoachingTM, aplicado en el marco del proyecto europeo PAPA (Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity) y (2) Analizar la percepción que tuvieron los entrenadores de fútbol base españoles sobre los talleres de formación de dicho programa y sus repercusiones, en dos momentos distintos, una vez finalizado el taller y un año después. Un total de 521 entrenadores de fútbol base de los cinco países participantes (España, Francia, Grecia, Inglaterray Noruega) asistieron a los talleres Empowering CoachingTM. De estos entrenadores, 105 acudieron a los talleres realizados en España (77 en la Comunidad Valenciana y 28 en Cataluña). En la fase de seguimiento participaron un total de 52 entrenadores de fútbol base de la Comunidad Valenciana. Los análisis de los cuestionarios de satisfacción con el taller y de puesta en práctica y barreras mostraron que los entrenadores lograron aplicar lo aprendido en el taller en su actividad como entrenador. Asimismo, la formación recibida en los talleres Empowering CoachingTM fue percibida como novedosa y les hizo replantear sus ideas sobre el entrenamiento. La totalidad de los entrenadores de fútbol base asistentes a los talleres informaron entender y poder integrar en sus entrenamientos y partidos los principios de Empowering CoachingTM, para convertirse en entrenadores empowering. Por último, la práctica totalidad de los entrenadores de fútbol base informaron no haber tenido dificultad para crear un clima empowering en sus equipos, habiendo encontrado las mayores dificultades en los padres

objectivo do presente trabalho foi duplo: (1) Descrever as características do programa de formação motivacional para treinadoresEmpowering CoachingTM, aplicado no âmbito do projecto europeu PAPA (Promoting Adolescents Physical Activity) e (2) Analisar a percepção quetiveram os treinadores de futebol de formação espanhóis sobre as acções de formação desse programa e as suas repercussões, em dois momentos distintos,uma vez finalizada a formação e um ano depois. Um total de 521 treinadores de futebol de formação dos cinco países participantes (Espanha, França,Grécia, Inglaterra e Noruega) assistiram às acções de formação Empowering CoachingTM. Destes treinadores, 105 assistiram às acções realizadas emEspanha (77 na Comunidade Valenciana e 28 na Catalunha). Na fase de follow-up participaram um total de 52 treinadores de futebol de formação daComunidade Valenciana. As análises dos questionários de satisfação com a acção de formação e de aplicação e barreiras revelaram que os treinadoresconseguiram aplicar na sua actividade o aprendido na acção de formação. De igual modo, a formação recebida nas acções Empowering CoachingTM foipercebida como inovadora, o que levou os treinadores a reformular a sua concepção de treino. A totalidade dos treinadores de futebol que assistiram asacções de formação reportaram entender e poder integrar nos seus treinos e competições os principios do Empowering CoachingTM, de forma aconverterem-se em treinadores empowering. Por último, a quase totalidade dos treinadores de futebol de formação afirmaram não terem tido dificuldadeem criar um clima empoweringnas suas equipas, tendo encontrado as maiores dificuldades nos pais

Preconceito no futebol feminino brasileiro: uma revisão sistemática / Prejudice in women's brazilian soccer: a systematic review

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as condições de existência do preconceito de gênero no futebol feminino à luz da literatura científica e discutir os aspectos sócio-culturais que os fundamentam. Realizamos uma busca de artigos em bases de dados utilizando descritores específicos. Registramos uma distribuição dos trabalhos entre três abordagens: histórica, pedagógica e psicossocial. As principais formas de preconceito são a segregação, o cerceamento em determinadas práticas esportivas, erotização da mulher e vigilância sobre a identidade de gênero. Conclui-se que o preconceito sobre as mulheres é causado pela ideia de incompetência e fragilidade fundadas no discurso das diferenças biológicas.

The objective of this study is to identify the conditions of existence of gender prejudice in the context of women's football on science literature and discuss the socio-cultural aspects which it is based. For this we performed a search for articles in databases using specific key-words. We founded three main approaches in the collected articles: historical, educational and psychosocial. The main forms of prejudice about women's football is the segregation, the restriction of women in certain sports considered female, eroticism of the female body and surveillance on the gender identity of the athletes.

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las condiciones de existencia en de prejuicios de género en el contexto del fútbol femenino en la literatura científica y discutir los aspectos socio-culturales que se basa. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos em bases de datos utilizando descriptores específicos. Se registró una distribución de trabajos entre três principales enfoques: histórico, educativo y psicosocial. Las principales formas de prejuicios sobre el fútbol femenino es la segregación, la restricción de las mujeres en ciertos deportes considerados femeninos, erotismo del cuerpo femenino y la vigilância sobre la identidad de género de los atletas.

Estilos explicativos de los entrenadores de fútbol profesional en el análisis de la competición deportiva / Explanatory styles of professional football coaches in the analysis of sports competition

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los estilos explicativos de los entrenadores de fútbol profesional al término de los partidos de competición. Se recogieron 4366 declaraciones en prensa pertenecientes a 29 jornadas de liga, las cuales se relacionan con las dimensiones de la teoría de los estilos explicativos y aspectos como el resultado, el lugar, el momento de la temporada y la categoría. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en las tres dimensiones de las pautas explicativas en alguno de los aspectos analizados. Se discute la importancia de los estilos explicativos de los entrenadores para influir en el rendimiento del equipo, así como la posible diferencia de atribuciones en función de lo analizado y las posibilidades de asesoramiento psicológico a entrenadores para una mejora de la evaluación del rendimiento y el feedback hacia los deportistas (AU)

The aim of this research was analyzing the explanatory styles of professional coaches at the end of competition matches. We collected 4366 coaches' declarations in the press belonging to 29 league season fixtures, which are related to the dimensions of the explanatory styles theory and aspects like result, place, stage of the season and category. The results show significant differences in the three dimensions of the explanatory guidelines respected to the analyzed aspects. We discuss the importance of the explanatory styles of coaches to influence on the team performance, as well as the possible difference of attributing according to what was analyzed and the possibilities of psychological counselling to coaches in order to improve the performance evaluation and the feedback to football players (AU)

Futebol, imagens e profissionalização: a bola rola nos sonhos dos adolescentes / Fútbol, imágenes y profesionalización: el balón rueda en los sueños de los adolescentes / Soccer, images and professionalization: soccer plays with every teenage dream

O estudo tem por objetivo analisar os elementos sociais na construção de vivências, vínculos sociais e necessidade de pertencimento que levam adolescentes praticantes de futebol a buscar a profissionalização nesse esporte. Utiliza entrevista aberta, colhendo depoimentos de nove adolescentes de 13 a 16 anos em duas equipes de futebol, nos municípios de Vitória e Cariacica. As reduções das entrevistas basearam-se na análise discursiva de Maingueneau (1998) e a discussão teórica analisou as categorias sonho e imagens em Marc Augé (1994). Conclui que a família, a mídia televisiva e os anônimos do futebol são os agentes motivadores para a continuidade do sonho dos adolescentes em se constituírem como jogadores de futebol profissional.

The study aims to analyze the social elements in the construction of attitudes that lead teenagers who practice soccer to go for professionalization in such sport. It uses open interviews, collecting testimonies from nine adolescents aged 13 to 16 years old in two soccer teams in the cities of Vitória and Cariacica. The reductions of the interviews were based on the discursive analysis of Maingueneau (1998) and the theoretical discussion examined the categories dream and images in Marc Augé (1994). It concludes that the family, the television media and the soccer anonymous are the motivators for continuing the dream of teenagers to become professional soccer players.

El estudio tiene por objetivo analizar los elementos sociales en la construcción de actitudes que llevan a los adolescentes que practican el fútbol a buscar la profesionalización en ese deporte. Utiliza entrevista abierta, recogiendo testimonios de nueve adolescentes de 13 a 16 años en dos equipos de fútbol, en los municipios de Vitória y Cariacica. Las reducciones de las entrevistas se basaron en el análisis discursivo de Maingueneau (1998) y la discusión teórica analizó las categorías sueño e imágenes en Marc Augé (1994). Concluye que la familia, los medios televisivos y los anónimos del fútbol son los agentes motivadores para la continuidad del sueño de los adolescentes en constituirse em jugadores de fútbol profesional.

O futebol no banco dos réus: caso da homofobia / Fútbol en el banquillo: el caso de la homofobia / Football in the dock: the case of homophobia

Este ensaio discute algumas questões relacionadas à homofobia no futebol. Para isso analisaram-se, por meio de documentos oficiais e pesquisa bibliográfica, as dificuldades e os desafios para a luta contra a homofobia no Brasil. A partir destas discussões iniciais buscou-se relacionar o mundo do "macho" e a reprodução da discriminação no futebol. Como forma de análise partiu-se de dois autores das ciências sociais: Durkheim com o conceito de anomia, que oferece uma explicação do motivo da repressão ao diferente (idéia da dicotomia sagrado e profano); e Habermas com a idéia de sociedade civil organizada como forma de construção de mecanismos de luta para transformação de uma realidade concreta e possibilidade de diálogo.

This essay discusses some issues related to homophobia in football. To this was discussed through off icial documents and literature of the difficulties and challenges in the fight against homophobia in Brazil. From these initial discussions sought to relate the world of "male" and the reproduction of discrimination in football. As a form of analysis came from two authors of the social sciences: Durkheim's concept of anomie, which of fers an explanation of why the repression of different (idea of the sacred and profane), and Habermas with the idea of civil society as a construction of mechanisms to fight for a transformation of reality and possibility of dialogue.

En este ensayo se analizan algunas cuestiones relacionadas con la homofobia en el fútbol. Para ello se examinó a través de documentos oficiales y la literatura de las dificultades y desafíos en la lucha contra la homofobia en Brasil. A partir de estas discusiones iniciales tratado de relacionar el mundo de "macho" y la reproducción de la discriminación en el fútbol. Como una forma de análisis de vino de dos autores de las ciencias sociales: el concepto de anomia de Durkheim, que ofrece una explicación de por qué la represión de los diferentes (idea de lo sagrado y lo profano), y Habermas con la idea de la sociedad civil en su construcción de mecanismos para luchar por una transformación de la realidad y la posibilidad de diálogo.

Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male association football players.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of task and ego goal orientation and moral identity on prosocial and antisocial judgement and behaviour in football. The interaction between task and ego orientation in predicting these variables was also examined. Participants were 210 adult male footballers (age 25 +/- 6 years) competing at recreational (n = 133) and semi-professional (n = 77) levels. They completed questionnaires measuring task and ego goal orientation, the importance of moral identity, prosocial and antisocial judgement, frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, and social desirability. Regression analysis revealed no main effects for goal orientations and moral identity on prosocial judgement and behaviour. However, a significant interaction effect between task and ego orientation emerged in relation to prosocial judgement. Specifically, task orientation positively predicted prosocial judgement only at low levels of ego orientation. Ego orientation emerged as a positive predictor of antisocial judgement and behaviour, whereas moral identity negatively predicted these variables. The differentiation between prosocial and antisocial aspects of morality was supported. It was concluded that examining moral identity and interactions between task and ego orientation adds to our understanding of the influence of these variables on prosocial and antisocial functioning in sport.

[Nurturing fair play in competitive sports. Results from a study on competitively oriented youth soccer]. / Erziehung zum Fairplay im Wettkampfsport. Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen im wettkampforientierten Jugendfussball.

Apologists of sports praise them as an ideal way to prevent addiction and violence. Sports critics see it rather as a socialization authority on the morals of the fair foul. This contradiction was investigated based on an examination of fairness behaviour and fairness education in youth soccer as well as the question of the connection between sports and violence and the preventive possibilities of sports. Our results point to differences in understanding fairness according to age, sex and primarily performance/success orientation. Teenagers learn al ready at the latest in the C youth that it is important and right in the interest of success to break rules. Thus it applies that the more distinctive the success orientation, the more in formal and formal fair play degenerate into fictitious action morals of competitive sport and make way for morals of the "fair foul". The coaches play an important, even quite obviously the central role as socialization agents. In stead of learning fairness, the opposite is often conveyed to many young people in the organizations. However, our examinations also show that coach es can positively influence both fairness understanding and fairness behaviour of young footballers. Coach es are thus challenged as role models to exemplify fair play by their own actions.